The vagina is inhabited by fungi and bacteria whose main function is to protect it from pathogens. This ecosystem of microorganisms represents the vaginal flora and protects women from infections. The balance of the vaginal flora can be altered by many external factors such as taking antibiotics, using harsh soaps or a diet high in sugar. Changes in the smell, consistency or color of the vaginal discharge, itching or discomfort when urinating are signs that the flora has changed and there is probably an infection. Balance of the vaginal flora A healthy vaginal flora consists mainly of bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus, which synthesize lactic acid and keep the pH of the vagina between 4.5 and 5. When the acidity is not within optimal limits, the risk of multiplication of bacteria such as E .Coli responsible for most urinary tract infections. Too acidic an environment favors the appearance of fungi such as Candida, responsible for candidiasis. Vaginal flora rich in Lactobacillus prevents these and other pathogens from adhering to the vaginal mucosa and multiplying, causing infection. Changes in vaginal discharge Changes in vaginal discharge are one of the main signs that the flora has changed. Under normal conditions, the secretion is transparent and odorless, only during ovulation it becomes thicker. Some changes in the consistency, color or smell of the discharge can be a sign of vaginal infections. Greyish or yellowish-green discharge – this can be a clear sign of bacterial vaginosis, which occurs due to the proliferation of bacteria such as Gardnerella vaginalis or Atopobium vaginae. Liquid discharge with a creamy or gritty lumpy consistency – if it appears in the form of creamy or whitish plaques, it is a sign of a yeast infection. Abundant foul-smelling discharge – bacterial vaginosis causes discharge with a strong odor. Severe itching Candida infection can cause severe itching in the vagina. These fungi are part of the saprophytic flora of the vagina, but when their population increases due to a change in the flora and a decrease in the protective lactobacilli, they cause the typical symptoms of candidiasis. Inflammation 75% of women suffer from vulvovaginitis at some point in their lives due to the multiplication of pathogenic microorganisms that destroy Lactobacillus. Vulvovaginitis is an inflammation of the vaginal mucosa and vulva, accompanied by redness in the area, itching and pain. Vulvovaginitis can be caused by infections such as candidiasis or bacterial vaginosis. Burning when urinating This is the most common symptom of cystitis or urinary tract infection. More than 85% of urinary tract infections are caused by the bacteria E. coli. These bacteria can attach to the surface of the epithelial cells lining the inside of the bladder, where they multiply and cause infection. Vaginal flora is a barrier against the entry of pathogens into the body.The altered flora leaves the area unprotected and favors the passage of bacteria such as E. coli to the urinary tract. Bacterial vaginosis can also cause burning when urinating. How to restore the balance of vaginal flora? Vaginal flora can be altered by taking antibiotics, using soaps or tissues that irritate the area, and using corticosteroids. To restore the vaginal flora, vaginal probiotics can be used – preparations with lactobacillus. If prone to infections, it is recommended to use hygiene products that are gentle on the vaginal pH. References: https://www.sabervivirtv.com/ginecologia/sintomas-alertan-flora-vaginal-alterada_7290