Spermatological studies are a valuable laboratory method in urology, which facilitates the diagnosis of many cases of infertility and inflammatory diseases of the genitourinary system. Normally, ejaculate consists of seminal fluid and sperm. Seminal fluid is composed of the secretion of the seminal vesicles (46-80%) and the secretion of the prostate gland. In addition, the seminal fluid includes secretions from the epididymis, vas deferens, Kupffer’s glands, epithelial and fat cells, amino acids, fructose, etc. When receiving material for research, some rules must be followed – at least five days of abstinence from sex before taking material, its storage must be at room temperature, and the material must be examined within 60 minutes of its receipt. Normally, the ejaculate has a white-gray color and becomes opalescent, the more sperm there are in it, the more the color approaches milky white. The yellowish or rusty hue of the semen indicates an underlying inflammatory process or blood admixture. The ejaculate is a thick gelatinous mass with an odor closest to that of chestnut blossom. It should be examined after 30 minutes of taking it to liquefy. Its normal amount is between 2-6 ml. Some disease processes can cause pathological release of sperm or changes in its quantity and quality. Spermatorrhea is the involuntary discharge of semen without an erection or orgasm. It is observed in diseases of the central nervous system – paralysis, myelitis and trauma. As well as in cases where patients suffer from chronic constipation or urethritis. Spermaturia is the release of sperm into the urine, most commonly due to urethral stricture, spinal cord trauma, or vas deferens ectopia. Aspermia means complete absence of ejaculate during intercourse or masturbation. It can be the result of various mechanical problems, inflammatory processes or iatrogenic damage. There are also neuropsychological causes that lead to functional or organ changes. Aspermia is most often seen in men who undergo radiotherapy or undergo radiation exposure. In oligospermia, there is a decrease in the number of sperm in the ejaculate. In most cases, the sperm volume is unchanged, but a reduced number of spermatozoa below 50 million in 1 cm3 is observed. Oligospermia is the most common cause of male infertility. A number of diseases and conditions can be responsible for a decrease in the number of sperm in the ejaculate. Among the most common causes are cryptorchidism, hypoplasia or atrophy of the testicles, infectious diseases and intoxications. Microscopic examination of the ejaculate points to the diagnosis of oligospermia, and testicular biopsy can provide an answer to the possible underlying cause. Azoospermia is the complete absence of sperm in the ejaculate. The condition results from damage to the spermatogenic epithelium of the convoluted tubules of the testicles.The causes of azoospermia are many and varied. Most often, it concerns bilateral cryptorchidism, trauma to the testicles, mechanical impact from hydrocele or varicocele. In addition, gonorrhea, mumps and tuberculosis can be responsible for the lack of sperm production in the ejaculate. Hypovitaminoses (A, E), diabetes and alcoholism are correctable causes of azoospermia. Necrospermia is a condition in which sufficient amounts of normal but immotile spermatozoa are found in the semen. Normally, dead spermatozoa are normally found in semen, but their amount does not exceed 25-30%. Their increase leads to male sterility. Immotile sperm are not always dead. A distinction must be made because it has implications for the therapeutic approach and alternative methods of insemination. Akinospermia is a condition in which live but non-motile spermatozoa are observed in the spermogram. The most common causes of necrospermia are inflammatory diseases of the seminal vesicles and the prostate gland. Hemospermia is characterized by the presence of blood in the seminal fluid. It can be true or false depending on the origin of the blood. In true blood, it is found homogeneously in the ejaculate, which originates from the seminiferous tubules, the prostate, or the seminal vesicles. In false blood, it is detected as spotting and usually originates from the urethra. The macroscopic examination of the ejaculate and the spermogram are valuable methods for establishing the diagnosis in a number of inflammatory diseases, traumas and chronic damages of the genitourinary system. References: Urology, Prof. Dr. P. Panchevwhich originates in the seminiferous tubules, prostate, or seminal vesicles. In false blood, it is detected as spotting and usually originates from the urethra. The macroscopic examination of the ejaculate and the spermogram are valuable methods for establishing the diagnosis in a number of inflammatory diseases, traumas and chronic damages of the genitourinary system. References: Urology, Prof. Dr. P. Panchevwhich originates in the seminiferous tubules, prostate, or seminal vesicles. In false blood, it is detected as spotting and usually originates from the urethra. The macroscopic examination of the ejaculate and the spermogram are valuable methods for establishing the diagnosis in a number of inflammatory diseases, traumas and chronic damages of the genitourinary system. References: Urology, Prof. Dr. P. Panchev