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Prolactin – a hormone with wide-ranging functions beyond lactation
Prolactin is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland, so named because of its role in lactation. It also has other wide-ranging functions in the body, from acting on the reproductive system to influencing behavior and regulating the immune system. Prolactin is a hormone originally named after its function to promote milk production (lactation) in…
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Progesterone and its role in the female organism
Progesterone is a hormone that is released by the corpus luteum in the ovary. It plays an important role in the menstrual cycle and maintaining the early stages of pregnancy. Progesterone belongs to a group of steroid hormones called ‘progestogens’ (which are hormones that have an action similar to the natural hormone progesterone). Synthetic hormones…
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Preventive gynecological examinations – why are they so important?
Women tend to put the needs of others before their own. Although this is one of the beautiful characteristics of women, it is also quite disturbing. Taking time to care for yourself and having regular preventive gynecological examinations will ensure optimal health at any age. Regular prophylactic gynecological examinations are recommended to maintain a woman’s…
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Signs of high testosterone levels in women
Testosterone is primarily known as a male hormone, but it is also produced by the ovaries and female adrenal glands in small amounts. The female body usually produces significantly lower levels of testosterone than the male body. Normal testosterone levels in women range from 15–70 nanograms per deciliter (ng/dL), while levels in men typically range…
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Signs of high estrogen in women
The female body needs estrogen for reproductive, cardiovascular and bone health. However, high levels of estrogen can cause irregular cycles or worsen conditions that affect reproductive health. Estrogen is an important hormone that regulates the reproductive system. It plays an essential role in other body systems as well. Estrogen levels rise and fall throughout life,…
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Do ovarian cysts cause pain?
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled spherical masses, some of which contain tissue within them. They are enveloped by a capsule and usually reach sizes of the order of 1-3 centimeters. Ovarian cysts often develop under the influence of physiological changes in hormonal balance during puberty or menopause. In some cases, congenital cysts can also be observed.…
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Causes of vaginal yeast infections
Vaginal yeast infections can cause itching and burning in the genital area or an unusual vaginal discharge. In many patients, inflammation of the external genitalia is also observed – for example, the labia. In many cases, however, vaginal yeast infections do not cause any symptoms. The characteristic symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection are itching,…
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Causes of vaginal dryness in menopause
Vaginal dryness is part of the genitourinary syndrome of menopause. The condition worsens with age and progresses with menopause. The reasons may be a reduced secretory function of the vaginal epithelium, which is associated with reduced blood supply to the vagina, thinning of the mucous membrane, changes in the microbiome and inflammatory processes. Vaginal dryness…
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Causes of uterine cancer
A key element in the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer – the inner layer of the uterus – is the proliferation of the cells that make it up, under the influence of estrogen. When unopposed by progesterone, estrogens cause endometrial hyperplasia. This leads to the development of atypical premalignant lesions, which are called endometrial intraepithelial neoplasia.…
