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How long after childbirth should a woman expect menstruation?
Every month, a woman’s body goes through a cycle of changes to prepare for a potential pregnancy. One of the ovaries releases an egg, hormones prepare the cervix to support possible sperm, and the uterus thickens to grow a possible baby. If pregnancy does not occur, on the 28th day (on average) the cycle ends…
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How many types of dysmenorrhea are there?
Dysmenorrhea is the medical term for painful menstruation, which can include cramping, nausea, fatigue, and diarrhea. It usually occurs before or at the beginning of the menstrual cycle and usually subsides after two or three days. Mild to moderate pain is normal, but some people experience pain so severe that it prevents them from leading…
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What conditions can lead to removal of the ovaries?
An oophorectomy is a surgical procedure in which one or both ovaries are removed. This procedure can be performed by laparoscopic approach, vaginal access, or laparotomy. Removal of both ovaries results in the immediate onset of menopause. The ovaries contain and support the growth of eggs. They are reproductive glands that produce hormones and control…
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What are the possible causes of breast cancer?
Carcinogenesis is a process that can affect any organ, cell or tissue. Pathological changes lead to the development of tumor cells. The leading mechanisms that lead to disease progression are the avoidance of programmed cell death – apoptosis, changes in the capacity of cells to divide, favoring the formation of new vessels and resistance to…
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What are the most common causes of late menstrual bleeding?
Delayed periods are common, with pregnancy being the most common cause. But there are other medical and lifestyle factors that can affect the menstrual cycle and cause a delay. Weight changes, hormonal disorders and menopause are among the most common causes of late periods. These problems can lead to missing a period for one or…
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Which hormone causes cholesterol to rise in menopause?
With the onset of menopause, an increase in blood cholesterol is also observed. The main reason for this is the lowering of estrogen levels due to cessation of ovarian functions. However, it has not been fully understood whether female sex hormones are the sole cause of the increased cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women. Scientists at…
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What factors lead to a lack of menstruation?
The term hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is associated with disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. As a result, impaired gonadotropin stimulation of the ovaries is observed, which leads to impaired development of ovarian follicles. It is characteristic that low values of luteinizing LH and follicle-stimulating hormone FSH are observed in affected patients. In the presence of underdevelopment or…
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When is sex painful?
Pain during intercourse is very common – almost 3 out of 4 women experience pain during intercourse at some point in their lives. For some women, the pain is only a temporary problem, while for others the problem is long-term. The medical term for painful intercourse is dyspareunia, defined as persistent or recurring genital pain…
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When is an abdominal hysterectomy required?
An abdominal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure in which the uterus is removed through an incision in the lower abdomen. In a partial hysterectomy, only the uterus is removed, leaving the cervix intact. A total hysterectomy removes both the uterus and the cervix at the same time. Sometimes a hysterectomy involves removing one or both…
