Altered atypical cells of the cervix, the natural canal of the uterus, and their rapid growth indicate cancerous development. Our condition is known as cervical cancer, which is directly related to the infection with and action of the papilloma virus on the cells. We think that cervical cancer mainly affects older women. State programs for screening the population have also been developed, which include periodic prophylactic examination from a certain mature age of the woman. The threshold from which a significant increase in cases of cervical cancer is reported is 45 years, but… The process that leads to cervical cancer develops over years, so preventive measures should be taken from a young age age. The disease appears as a result of the action of the human papilloma virus, which has a hundred types, each of which attacks a certain part of the body. 30 types are responsible for changes in the genital area: vulva, vagina, cervix, penis or scrotum. Thirteen are associated with a high risk of developing cervical cancer. The highest risk are types 16, 18, 45, 31 and 33. According to Bulgarian experts, they cause about 82% of all cases of cervical cancer in the world and 97% of those in Bulgaria. The spread of the virus is strong. It is estimated that about 80% of people of sexually active age encounter the virus, although a large number of them may not even know that they are carriers. Infection takes place through direct skin-to-skin contact, regardless of the method of sexual intercourse. Transmission can occur through vaginal, anal, or oral tissues. Some types of HPV lead to the formation of genital warts, which have a specific appearance – they are hard, with sharp tips, create a feeling of roughness of the skin when touched. In women, genital warts are most often located on the vulva, around and in the vagina, around and in the inner tissues of the anus, in the tissues adjacent to the genitals, and on the cervix. The only symptom of infection with the papilloma virus is warts, but even they are not counted in every case. Signs of infection develop weeks, months, and more often years after infection. There are three categories of tests that are aimed at screening for HPV virus and cervical dysplasia: PAP test (smear), colposcopy and DNA test, screening and genotyping. It is a common misconception that the PAP test indicates HPV. In a pap smear, cells from the mucous membrane of the cervix are examined for morphological changes indicating malignancy. That is, under a microscope, the specialist can see the presence of atypical cells. The test also shows the amount of atypical versus normal cells, classifying them on a scale of I-V. In PAP I, a normal condition is reported. PAP II shows signs of inflammation, which may be caused not only by papilloma viruses, but also by the activity of other microorganisms. Not only PAP I is considered a normal result,but also PAP II in women who lead an active sexual life. PAP II in this case may be due to “pollution”. At the discretion of the gynecologist, tests can be ordered to establish vaginal cleanliness to exclude the possibility of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms and the development of infection. NEWS_MORE_BOX PAP III requires mandatory follow-up examinations and treatment. It usually indicates an inflammatory process. The smear is repeated after the end of the treatment to determine if the treatment is having an effect. In the absence of such, follow-up examinations and therapy are undertaken. The presence of atypical cells is determined by the degree of PAP IV and V, with the first counting single ones, and the second multiple observed. The detection of atypical cells indicates the destructive activity of pathogenic microorganisms on the tissues of the cervix. In order for this process to occur, the virus must have been present long enough before that. Colposcopy is a method in which the doctor, using a colposcope, examines the tissues for a pathological finding. The examination is carried out under appropriate lighting and high magnification, which allows to see pathological formations and genital warts. The external genitalia, the walls of the vagina and the cervix are examined. Particular attention is paid to the border between the intravaginal part and the cervical canal itself. This area is considered the most susceptible to precancerous changes. The changes in the squamous epithelium typical of the intravaginal part and the cylindrical epithelium of the canal are indicative. The application of acetic acid and Lugol’s solution facilitates examination by helping to detect abnormal cells. The use of color filters can show the presence of pathological vessels. DNA testing, screening and genotyping. The screening directly confirmed the presence of genetic material from the papillomaviruses in the cells. Genotyping can also determine the type of papilloma virus that infected the cells. Genotyping is performed simultaneously for several types of HPV virus. In the DNA test for papilloma virus, its presence can be established even with a good result of the PAP test.it means the virus was present long enough before that. Colposcopy is a method in which the doctor, using a colposcope, examines the tissues for a pathological finding. The examination is carried out under appropriate lighting and high magnification, which allows to see pathological formations and genital warts. The external genitalia, the walls of the vagina and the cervix are examined. Particular attention is paid to the border between the intravaginal part and the cervical canal itself. This area is considered the most susceptible to precancerous changes. The changes in the squamous epithelium typical of the intravaginal part and the cylindrical epithelium of the canal are indicative. The application of acetic acid and Lugol’s solution facilitates examination by helping to detect abnormal cells. The use of color filters can show the presence of pathological vessels. DNA testing, screening and genotyping. The screening directly confirmed the presence of genetic material from the papillomaviruses in the cells. Genotyping can also determine the type of papilloma virus that infected the cells. Genotyping is performed simultaneously for several types of HPV virus. In the DNA test for papilloma virus, its presence can be established even with a good result of the PAP test.it means the virus was present long enough before that. Colposcopy is a method in which the doctor, using a colposcope, examines the tissues for a pathological finding. The examination is carried out under appropriate lighting and high magnification, which allows to see pathological formations and genital warts. The external genitalia, the walls of the vagina and the cervix are examined. Particular attention is paid to the border between the intravaginal part and the cervical canal itself. This area is considered the most susceptible to precancerous changes. The changes in the squamous epithelium typical of the intravaginal part and the cylindrical epithelium of the canal are indicative. The application of acetic acid and Lugol’s solution facilitates examination by helping to detect abnormal cells. The use of color filters can show the presence of pathological vessels. DNA testing, screening and genotyping. The screening directly confirmed the presence of genetic material from the papillomaviruses in the cells. Genotyping can also determine the type of papilloma virus that infected the cells. Genotyping is performed simultaneously for several types of HPV virus. In the DNA test for papilloma virus, its presence can be established even with a good result of the PAP test.